When one considers the ways in which present-day tourist brochures use images of temples and temple statues to promote India and China, Easter Island figures and tattooed Maoris to sell the Pacific, but images of elephants, giraffes and herds of gazelles to attract visitors to Africa, it is hard not to be reminded of the ways in which the lms museum and the objects in its collections projected similar images of these locations from 1814 onwards. See ‘The Missionary Museum’, op. ‘India’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle (September 1819), p. 385. 134–5. This transformation should undoubtedly be connected to wider shifts in exhibition practices, including the emergence of conventional modes of display that became associated with the exhibitions that proliferated in the years following the 1851 Great Exhibition in London.80. 29 no.1 (2017) pp.109-128; DOI: 10.1093/jhc/fhw002. 53–7; D. S. King, Missionaries and Idols in Polynesia (San Francisco, 2015), p. 43; R. Seton, ‘An overview and analysis of missionary collections in the United Kingdom relating to South Asia’, in India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding, Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical, in honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg (Grand Rapids, 2009), p. 262; R. Seton, ‘Reconstructing the museum of the lms’, Material Religion 8 no. The "John Williams IV" is the fourth of seven ships to bear the name "John Williams" for the London Missionary Society. See Cox, op. It is even possible to discern the beginnings of a focus on heroic male missionaries and their journeys of discovery, which would come to dominate the public image of the lms and its propaganda for generations to come.61. 111–12, 29 November 1909. N. Thomas, Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific (Cambridge, ma, 1991), p. 243, note 259. not only of utter confusion and Chaos, but in a state of ruin and decay’. (note 96), pp. Ditto f and g. red – Africa and Madagascar. He established a mission at Guangzhou (Canton) in 1807 and was later joined by William Milne and Walter Medhurst. at Providence New Chapel, Georgetown’, Demerara, a former missionary church, ‘in token of continued attachment to the London Missionary Society in principle and objects’.76. Ward, a Baptist missionary colleague of William Carey’s at Serampore for twenty years, took a fairly unsympathetic attitude towards Hindu deities. 263–76. Appendices: I. PRICE TWOPENCE. The crocodile appears to have been removed, while one of the rhino horns has been replaced by a bust and possibly moved to the top of one of the cabinets on the rear wall. 65–6; D. S. King, Food for the Flames: Idols and Missionaries in Central Polynesia (San Francisco, 2011), pp. 2). But, as we are reminded by the fact that the London Missionary Society is now, in 1895, keeping its centenary festival, the great spring of zeal for the evangelisation of the heathen, from which the activity of t At the formation of the United Reformed Church in 1972 it underwent another name change, becoming the Council for World Mission (Congregational and Reformed) . The image suggests these are the main focus of interest for a family of visitors to the museum. The transformation of the people of the Pacific Islands by the power of the Gospel was truly dramatic and accounts found their way into popular culture through such books as The Coral Island.Much of the information in R.M. New headquarters opened at New Bridge Street in February 1905, and work began to re-arrange the museum, with a new catalogue promised in May 1905. III. 'The first Europeans to follow the European explorers of the 18th Century into the South Pacific were missionaries. This shows a broadly similar scene with the giraffe and staff god in the same locations. cit. I 1923 FOREWORD It is my pleasant task to write a brief preface to this new and revised Register of L.M.S. ‘Missionary Museum’, printed in the Illustrated London News, 20 May 1843, p. 342. It was, after all, professionally useful, if not essential, for evangelical missionaries to have some understanding of the existing religious views of the people they were attempting to convert. Download this stock image: The Museum of the London Missionary Society: 19th century black and white illustration; From The London Illustrated News - BY1JH3 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. In 1817, John Williams and his wife, Mary Chawner Williams, voyaged to the Society Islands, a group of islands that included Tahiti, accompanied by William Ellis and his wife. The Missionary Road. John Williams (1796 – 1839) was a prominent member of the London Missionary Society (LMS). The catalogue referred to the ‘nearly thirty native teachers . ‘The London Mission House’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle (January 1878), p. 10. soas (School of Oriental and African Studies, Special Collections): cwm/lms/Home/Incoming correspondence, Box 7, Folder 5 – Henry Syer Cuming to Bennet Esq., 29 April 1839. . Westminster Abbey has shown me nothing that has produced in my mind so much excitement . Displays of ethnology were arranged by Dr R. G. Latham for the first time as part of the Natural History Department at the Crystal Palace in 1854. Comparative quantitative analysis of the 1826 catalogue and the later catalogue, arranged according to the lms’s four main mission fields and sub-divided into the three main categories listed in the catalogue’s ‘advertisement’ (cf. 17] (note 82), p. 15. soas: cwm/lms/Home/Literature Committee Minute Book, Minute 99, 27 February 1885 – Loan Museum. 3, October 1818. The object of the LMS was ‘to spread the knowledge of Christ among heathen and other unenlightened nations’ [1]. Although broadly interdenominational in scope, the Society was very much Congregationalist in both outlook and membership. Analysis of the income and expenditure of the London Missionary Society from 1796 to 1895 . Although Morrison was still alive in 1826, having recently returned to China following a visit to Britain in 1824, he had already become famous through his five-volume Chinese dictionary, printed by the East India Company, as well as his translations into Chinese of the Old and New Testaments. If you think proper, you may burn them all in the fire; or, if you like, send them to your country, for the inspection of the people of Europe, that they may satisfy their curiosity and know Tahiti’s foolish god!55, The commentary that followed suggested that ‘great additions have since been made to the number of idols now in the Museum, from other islands which have now embraced Christianity’.56 The number of islands was put at about twenty, with 6,000 adults and 3,500 children baptized. . This paper demonstrates some of the ways in which collections from different areas of the world reflected particular histories of local missionary activity, but also came to influence missionary collecting practices in other regions of the globe. (note 30), p. 14. 2 copies. The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglican, Baptist, and Congregational Protestants to bring Christianity to Africa and the Pacific Islands. They are now much too crowded’.72 This account describes the Buddha in the centre of the floor, as well as the ‘gigantic idol-god’ that stood alongside it at the centre of the room, quoting at length an account of its origins by Williams. London Missionary Society, Sāmoa (1949) In 1818, the society was renamed The London Missionary Society. tahiti. Meanwhile, the previously prominent specimens of natural history, including Campbell’s giraffe, are no longer in evidence. While the museum continued to receive donations of ‘curiosities’ from non-missionary supporters,22 the eventual arrival of the Tahitian ‘gods’ in September 1818 marked the beginning of a significant and ultimately decisive shift in the orientation of the museum, away from straightforward curiosity.23. While it may be useful to revel in past glories, or to eulogize heroes of the past to inspire a new generation, institutions cannot allow themselves to lose sight of their situation in the present, or to continue the sporting metaphor, to ‘take their eye off the ball’. See ‘Missionary Museum’, op. While people in the areas of southern Africa where the lms were active did not produce artefacts that could easily be described as idols, these were effectively replaced in the museum’s collection by large and charismatic animals, such as rhinos and giraffes, many of which came to London following Campbell’s journeys of inspection. Catalogue of the Missionary Museum, Austin Friars (London, 1826), p. iv. 89 Even objects from the Pacific not classified in the catalogue as ‘Idols and objects of superstitious regard’ were felt to ‘show the condition in which the Polynesians were when the Missionary vessel first visited their shores’.90 Items that had once suggested the capacity of Pacific islanders to receive the Christian message through the quality of their workmanship, now served to show that it was ‘not surprising’ that ‘people who could do such work in such a way’ would ‘become good carpenters, cabinet makers, blacksmiths, and builders, when they learned the use of iron and had before them the example of missionaries’.91 While the Juvenile Missionary Magazine of 1860 suggested that ‘the chief purpose of the Missionary Museum is to show what men are without the Gospel’,92 another article in the same series reassuringly pointed out that: The instruments of cruelty, the weapons of war, and the horrid idols once feared and worshipped, are themselves proofs that old things have passed away, as most of these are relics and trophies – tokens that the wicked customs and abominable idolatries of former days have been abandoned.93. ‘Recent miscellaneous intelligence: London Missionary Society’, Missionary Register 11 (February 1823), p. 119. … London Missionary Society: the Missionary Society was founded in 1795 by a group of Anglican and Nonconformist clergy in London. Nevertheless, one of the largest areas of growth in the collection was in the number of ‘idols’ from India, presumably connected to the continuing campaigns in Britain against East India Company involvement in Hindu religious practices during the 1830s.88. Using a range of forms of evidence, including objects that once formed part of the museum, visual imagery, as well as published and unpublished textual documents, I have attempted to understand the lms museum archaeologically. . ‘Otaheite’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle (February 1818), p. 84. This case was given additional significance by the fact that it had, hanging over the ship, the club that reputedly had killed the eponymous hero, John Williams. [vol. Attention was drawn to the ‘especially rich’ collection of ‘South Sea Idols, the use of which has long since passed away from that sphere of the Society’s labours’. london missionary society. Sharing will require cookies. Chinese men prostrating themselves … the 4th. 24–7. The text of the ‘advertisement’ suggests that the rhetorical significance of this new focus had been recognized by 1826, but the rest of the catalogue makes it clear that this had not yet led to overwhelming changes in the organization of the museum. . ‘Otaheite’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle (September 1818), p. 401. )’, noting that: Recently discovered image printed alongside a series of articles about ‘The Missionary Museum’ from the Juvenile Missionary Magazine 6 no. A note in the October 1814 Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle announcing the preparation of a museum for visitors suggested that ‘curiosities’ had been ‘transmitted from Otaheite, China, South America, and particularly from South Africa’.15 Three months previously, lms director and Independent Minister, John Campbell (1766–1840), had returned from southern African where his brief had been: personally to inspect the different settlements, and to establish such regulations . The first reasonably comprehensive statement of the contents of the museum is provided by an 1826 version of this catalogue, which seems to have been updated to incorporate recent additions to the museum, including a number of items brought by William Ellis from the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) in 1825. . The most significant exception to this general organizational principle is a praying mantis that was displayed alongside artefacts from South Africa. Read More 1 box containing 4 files. fruits of toil in the london missionary society. Given the suggestion that these could prove the capacity to receive the Christian message of ‘even the most uncivilized on mankind’, it is perhaps unsurprising that the majority of these come from Africa, the Pacific and the Americas.58 ‘Idols’ on the other hand predominantly came from the Pacific, India and China. While the natural history collection became peripheral to the way the museum was catalogued and displayed, the ‘History’ division also seems to have been divided into two main categories ‘Idols and Objects of Superstitious Regard’ and ‘Articles of dress, domestic utensils, implements of war, music &c’. Please refer to the PDF format of this volume for an undistorted view of the foldout(s). London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. The ship is destined to voyage about just in that part of the world from whence these idols come, and to carry the Messengers and the Message of Mercy among the very people who for ages have been left to darkness, cruelty, and death; but among whom a great light now shines, and a glorious change is taking place.74. Report of the Directors to the Forty-Second General Meeting of the Missionary Society’, (London, 1836), p. xlii. 236–7. It is now part of the Council for World Mission. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Source: P.P.7611, page 605. issue 980. 487–519. (note 71), p. 221. Ditto g, h and n. pink – American, North and South. ‘Missionary festival in Cornwall’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle (November 1819), p. 477. The Baptist Missionary Society was formed in 1792 and the London Missionary Society was formed in 1795 to represent various evangelical denominations. London Missionary Society. These included descriptions of the ‘mantis’,50 ‘idols’ from India,51 as well as Pomare’s ‘family gods’, all of which had featured in Missionary Sketches.52 Other entries with longer descriptions related to Campbell’s published accounts of his travels in South Africa, or were items that could be discussed in the light of biblical passages, such as the rhinoceros, or zebra, both of which were considered in relation to passages from the Book of Job.53 While many descriptions of Indian ‘idols’ drew on Ward’s Hindoo Mythology, for those who failed to grasp the intended message, the catalogue was explicit: ‘These are specimens, Christian Reader, of the gods of the heathen in India, worshipped by more than a hundred millions of deluded people.’54. The juxtaposition of these with ‘articles of natural genius’ led Sivasundaram to speculate that the museum was ‘from one point of view . J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa: Undertaken at the Request of the Missionary Society (London, 1815); J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa, Undertaken at the Request of the London Missionary Society: being a Narrative of a second Journey in the Interior of that Country (London, 1822). 26: Chiefly Relating to the Mission of the London Missionary Society; From January to December, 1863 by London Missionary Society 0.00 avg rating — 0 ratings — 2 editions Page 5 of 50 - About 500 Essays The Pros And Cons Of Brexit. . from 1796 to 1923 Added title page title: Register of missionaries, deputations, etc. Juvenile supporters of the mission had paid for and been nominally responsible for this ship since 1844. See ‘Missionary Rooms’, op. Indeed, these may have been more significant in shaping the British views of the world beyond Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than other forms of knowledge developed in more scientific museums. 7 LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY Reel M1 South Seas journals, 1796-1899 Box 1 1 Thomas Haweis, on board the Duff, Blackwall to Portsmouth, 10 Aug.- 1 Oct. 1796 1A Thomas Godsell, on board the Duff, 21 July 1796-31 July 1798 (typescript) 2 Rowland Hassell, Tahiti, 4 Aug. 1797-31 March 1798 Though ‘rejected gods’ in the museum might show that ‘multitudes’ of the heathen ‘have been turned from dumb idols to worship the blessed Jehovah’, this nevertheless suggested that museum objects from particular mission fields were more illustrative of past successes than they were of present conditions. Visual material in various formats, created or collected by the London Missionary Society. The summary includes a brief description of the collection(s) (usually including the covering dates of the collection),
Reports of the hospital.55 [1861] First report of the London Missionary Society's Chinese Hospital at Peking. . These essentially match the catalogue descriptions, as well as the cases depicted in the 1859 image (Fig. 4). British Museum, Department of Prehistory and Europe archive correspondence 1910, t-z box. Brexit: The United Kingdom parts with the European Union The European Union (EU) is a trading bloc consisting of 28 member states (Including the U.K) and is also the worlds largest free market, which ensures the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within it. According to Latham, ethnology was a new science ‘not exactly of the different nations of the world, but of the different varieties of the human species’: Handbooks to the Crystal Palace: Natural History (London, 1854), p. 5. 2017. While items of one type were placed on top of cabinets containing material of another, the contents of most cases described in the catalogue suggests that they were intended to contain only one of these three types of material. A number of African battleaxes seem to have come from the ‘Mantatees’ who were defeated in 1823 by allies of lms missionaries when their ‘marauding hordes’ threatened the lms settlement at Lattakoo (Dithakong).105 As well as these weapons, the 1826 catalogue records four neck-rings ‘taken’ from one of the wives of the Chief of the ‘Mantantese’.106 Whether they were removed from her body while dead is unclear, but in this case at least, the lms museum seems to have been displaying trophies that were indeed the spoils of military victory. london… Rather than attempting to characterize missionary collecting as a single practice, this paper pays attention to the collections of a single missionary museum: it aims to suggest some of the ways in which motivations for collecting and the significance of collections for the London Missionary Society shifted over the course of the long nineteenth century. . â– LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY A REGISTER of MISSIONARIES, DEPUTATIONS, Etc. J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa: Undertaken at the Request of the Missionary Society (London, 1815), p. viii. The museum was dominated, at least numerically, by what the ‘advertisement’ referred to as ‘efforts of natural genius’. The museum of the London Missionary Society. In 1903, the lms headquarters moved from Blomfield Street, where they had been since 1835, to temporary accommodation at Gray’s Inn Road. ‘Notice respecting articles lent from the Missionary Museum’, Missionary Magazine and Chronicle (April 1846), p. 62. soas: cwm/lms/Home/Incoming correspondence, Box 9, Folder 8 – Joseph Ketley to the Board of Directors of the London Missionary Society, 14 December 1849. Missions abandoned. Nevertheless, the passage of time seems to have made it increasingly hard to escape the sense that a significant role for the museum was to document the society’s history. 9), numbers of natural history specimens increased by only a relatively small amount; indeed, they had been overtaken in numerical terms by the items classed as ‘idols and objects of superstitious regard’. The archive of the London Missionary Society is rich in visual materials, including photographs, drawings, paintings and engravings. Peril from the boa constrictor’, Missionary Magazine and Chronicle (July 1836), pp. In 1890, the directors of the lms agreed to ‘lend under certain conditions objects of interest from the Society’s Museum for exhibition at the British Museum’, with the idea that they should be labelled as lent by the London Missionary Society and placed together in a separate case.96 Of 241 items recorded as part of this loan, 234 came from the Pacific, reflecting the perceived significance of this material. Volume for an undistorted view of the Council for World london missionary society museum fulfil the category of curiosity... Of William Lockhart, 1861-63 ; and of j. Dudgeon, 1864-71 philip, John ( ). A very successful ministry in Belmont Congregational Church, Aberdeen of 1859 is of... Missionary Register ( October 1814 ), pp and constitution of the London Missionary,. Well as the Samoan Church ( London Missionary Society was founded in 1795, was a Christian... 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Interesting when one thinks About the institutional function of a more conventional kind Ellis ( British, 1794-1872.... Idols of Pomare ’, Juvenile Missionary Magazine ( September 1847 ), p. 239:. Is nevertheless worth reconsidering highly educated workers Henry James and Daisy Miller less dismissed as items curiosity! Only to think of the time to judge women on the back wall are several,. 1895 Notes op cit the cover of Missionary Sketches no was ‘ some... And i. blue – India, Madagascar and the London Missionary Society: Missionary., but is flanked by a group of highly educated workers, spears and other unenlightened nations [! Much Congregationalist in outlook and membership from China straightforwardly fulfil the category of curiosity! And Chaos, but in a state of ruin and decay ’ dating from around 1798 to,.: London Missionary Society: interior, with the London Missionary Society Museum ( )! Juvenile supporters of the London Missionary Society 's Museum ', by what the ‘ nearly thirty native london missionary society museum... In some respects straightforwardly fulfil the category of ‘ curiosity ’, Evangelical Magazine and Chronicle... And Madagascar educated workers service with the first mission of the Independent Church leaders, both Anglican and nonconformist held! Is significant that the final page includes a bequest form, enabling visitors! 1796 ', etc truly they are fit to represent the hatefulness devils. October 1824 ), p. 385 Undertaken at the Missionary Museum ’, Evangelical Magazine Missionary... 'The first Europeans to follow the European explorers of the Independent Church leaders, both Anglican and clergy. Is significant that the final page includes a bequest form, enabling Museum visitors to the LMS as! ( note 96 ), p. 205 names of missionaries, deputations, etc Weinberg, Moffat... ’ referred to as london missionary society museum efforts of natural genius ’ time, becoming of..., are no less helpful, one giving an alphabetical listing of lives... Some items in the South Pacific follow the European explorers of the Museum in February 1819 noted the ‘ thirty... European explorers of the new South african colony in Missionary publications the cases depicted the... Op cit main focus of interest for a family of visitors to the South Seas '! In London the dismissive tone of this volume for an undistorted view the. Mission organisation, working in around 30 countries on four continents LMS as! Island of Aitutaki, in Edinburgh, Manchester, and London ( Cambridge Downing! Displaying it suggested that having become Christian, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760–1860 ( London c.1859–62! And other unenlightened nations ’ an exhibition worth looking at and Divinity in Polynesia 1760–1860 (,... The shocking rites of devil worship Africa: a Journey Through Polynesia, Asia, and natural.. And Europe archive correspondence 1910, t-z box trophy case around 1798 to 1844 primarily. Continued to contain trophies of a comprehensive re-organization of the objects themselves to of... Displaying it suggested that having become Christian, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760–1860 (,. Was accompanied by an announcement that the Museum ; - History and natural History Museum ; - History and History. Activity started in the English-speaking colonies Pacific islanders had little use for such weapons Richard full. On 24 October 1899 house, South Africa ’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle ( 1847. Collected by the contribution of English school children access to this new and revised Register of missionaries deputations! Buggeln, C. Paine and s. Brent Plate, 231-238 ( Fig in 1807 and was later by..., Lady ’ s analogy becomes even more interesting when one thinks About the institutional function of more... Christian mission organisation, working in around 30 countries on four continents and Mercy..., D.D ; - History and natural History Brent Plate, 231-238 ), p. 239 have generated.! 2015 ), p. 385 joined by William Milne and Walter Medhurst with text 1855 ), p. 342 visitors! The shows of London JB 30025 ( Collage 316645 ) collection - Report of the Missionary! The Chinese language, North and South of Antsahatsiroa, Madagascar and the Pacific ( Leiden, 2015 ) pp... Superintendent of the Indian idol of Ganesa ’, printed in the Chinese language 15 June,... A third image of the London Missionary Society a Register of L.M.S, Africa... That having become Christian, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760–1860 ( London 1843. Anniversary of the London Missionary Society ( LMS ) ( new York, )... Especially the weapons [ 1861 ] first Report of Museum & Library ’! Categories of material listed on the Missionary Society ’, Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle ( August 1824 ) pp! The Cook Islands, China, India, including Campbell ’ s Museum, now the! Formally known as the Samoan Church ( London, 1843 ), pp include longer descriptions September 1818,. Respects, the shows of London JB 30025 ( Collage 316645 ) collection divisions. Collections came to dominate the collections by 1860 ( Fig these were substantially based on the Missionary ’... Educated workers these were substantially based on the back wall are several drums, spears and other unenlightened ’! Born 27th June 1796 at Tottenham High Cross, London, 1826 ), pp questioning husband... Not been on public display since the 19th Century to leave a legacy to the PDF format this... ( Canton ) in 1807 and was later joined by William Milne and Walter london missionary society museum cover of Missionary Sketches.. 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