Laws banned the practice of individuals toasting each other, with the explanation that it led to wasting God's gift of beer and wine, as well as being carnal. These Separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church. The Puritans saw themselves as God's chosen people. It began with a preparatory phase designed to produce contrition for sin through introspection, Bible study and listening to preaching. They also executed people, usually by hanging them. [64] Puritans wanted to do away with godparents, who made baptismal vows on behalf of infants, and give that responsibility to the child's father. [121] Spouses were disciplined if they did not perform their sexual marital duties, in accordance with 1 Corinthians 7 and other biblical passages. [55] While evangelical views on conversion were heavily influenced by Puritan theology, the Puritans believed that assurance of one's salvation was "rare, late and the fruit of struggle in the experience of believers", whereas evangelicals believed that assurance was normative for all the truly converted. Puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself, from England's Scientific Revolution to the rise of democracy. In 1653, responsibility for recording births, marriages and deaths was transferred from the church to a civil registrar. Philemon Pormort's Boston Latin School was the only one in Boston, the first school of public instruction in Massachusetts ". [109] Early New England laws banning the sale of alcohol to Native Americans were criticised because it was "not fit to deprive Indians of any lawfull comfort aloweth to all men by the use of wine". Calvinists were a very introspective lot who constantly searched their souls for evidence that they were God's Elect. [50] No one, however, could merit salvation. Puritan authors such as John Milton, John Bunyan, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor continue to be read and studied as important figures within English and American literature. [1] Puritanism played a significant role in English history, especially during the Protectorate. He began by recounting a time almost forty years earlier when a stranger abruptly had stopped him and asked, "Are you saved?" [122] Women and men could file for divorce based on this issue alone. [107], Puritans in both England and New England believed that the state should protect and promote true religion and that religion should influence politics and social life. [57], While most Puritans were members of the Church of England, they were critical of its worship practices. The Assembly was able to agree to the Westminster Confession of Faith doctrinally, a consistent Reformed theological position. The moral foundations of the early United States came from the emphasis on godly behavior by Puritan leaders. It held that God's predestination was not "impersonal and mechanical" but was a "covenant of grace" that one entered into by faith. This covert Puritan network was discovered and dismantled during the Marprelate controversy of the 1580s. Yet, the main complaint Puritans had was the requirement that clergy wear the white surplice and clerical cap. The Puritans' main disagreement with the Catholic Church, and the Church of England, concerned how people are saved. [82] A child could only be redeemed through religious education and obedience. [124], The 1653 Instrument of Government guaranteed that in matters of religion "none shall be compelled by penalties or otherwise, but endeavours be used to win them by sound Doctrine and the Example of a good conversation". Some Puritan ideals, including the formal rejection of Roman Catholicism, were incorporated into the doctrines of the Church of England; others were absorbed into the many Protestant denominations that emerged in the late 17th and early 18th centuries in North America and Britain. [53], The Puritan conversion experience was commonly described as occurring in discrete phases. [134], A debate continues on the definition of "Puritanism". [66] They criticised the prayer book service for being too similar to the Catholic mass. ... What were some things that were illegal according to Puritan law? About 1563 AD, some people in England decided that they wanted to follow a way of life that they thought would be more according to what the Christian God wanted. [96][jargon] Viggo Norskov Olsen writes that Mede "broke fully away from the Augustinian-Foxian tradition, and is the link between Brightman and the premillennialism of the 17th century". This is known as predestination. [60] These sports were illegal in England during Puritan rule. However, the effect of baptism was disputed. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into t… [130], Anti-Catholic sentiment appeared in New England with the first Pilgrim and Puritan settlers. Boys' education prepared them for vocations and leadership roles, while girls were educated for domestic and religious purposes. [84], Puritan pastors undertook exorcisms for demonic possession in some high-profile cases. [86], In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of people throughout Europe were accused of being witches and executed. Many of James's episcopal appointments were Calvinists, notably James Montague, who was an influential courtier. I nursed them up with pain and care, Nor cost nor labour I did spare. Key among these beliefs was that God wanted people … Puritans objected to bowing at the name of Jesus, the requirement that priests wear the surplice, and the use of written, set prayers in place of improvised prayers. [130] In 1661, King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. Diligent labor in a main vocation, whereby [a person] provides things needful for himself, and those that depend on him. [69] Church organs were commonly damaged or destroyed in the Civil War period, such as when an axe was taken to the organ of Worcester Cathedral in 1642.[70]. In affirming the goodness of money, the Puritans found it necessary to defend the legitimate aspects of money against its detractors. Puritans believed in unconditional election and irresistible grace—God's grace was given freely without condition to the elect and could not be refused. [131] In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction. [14] One Puritan settlement in western Massachusetts banished a husband because he refused to fulfill his sexual duties to his wife.[15]. The related concept of predestination taught that only God could select the fortunate people who would be saved … By the time of the American Revolution there were 40 newspapers in the United States (at a time when there were only two cities – New York and Philadelphia – with as many as 20,000 people in them). Bradstreet alludes to the temporality of motherhood by comparing her children to a flock of birds on the precipice of leaving home. [106] The Merton Thesis has resulted in continuous debates. Since it was impossible to know whether or not one was a member of the elect or not, the Puritans believed that the best one could do was to lead a good life and have faith. There was also widespread belief in witchcraft and witches—persons in league with the devil. Put better: Since God willed it, faith has saved us. This permitted the licensing of Dissenting ministers and the building of chapels. The episcopalians (known as the prelatical party) were conservatives who supported retaining bishops if those leaders supported reform and agreed to share power with local churches. By the late 1630s, Puritans were in alliance with the growing commercial world, with the parliamentary opposition to the royal prerogative, and with the Scottish Presbyterians with whom they had much in common. The God of Calvin (and the Puritans) did not give “extra credit"—nor, indeed, any credit—for the good works that men and women performed during their lives. Puritans still opposed much of the Roman Catholic summation in the Church of England, notably the Book of Common Prayer but also the use of non-secular vestments (cap and gown) during services, the sign of the Cross in baptism, and kneeling to receive Holy Communion. God’s providence, as the Puritans understood it, meant that God controlled everything and everyone in the universe, and that He could foresee everything that was to be. Private baptisms were opposed because Puritans believed that preaching should always accompany sacraments. Women and men were equally expected to fulfill marital responsibilities. During the reign of Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603), the Church of England was widely considered a Reformed church, and Calvinists held the best bishoprics and deaneries. The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestantism and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. Girls carried the additional burden of Eve's corruption and were catechised separately from boys at adolescence. [18] Puritan churchgoers attended two sermons on Sundays and as many weekday sermons and lectures they could find, often traveling for miles. However the Puritan society was … To Puritans in 16th and 17th century England, Catholicism represented idolatry, materialism and excess in violation of God's will. Some Puritans left for New England, particularly from 1629 to 1640 (the Eleven Years' Tyranny under King Charles I), supporting the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other settlements among the northern colonies. [65], Puritans rejected both Roman Catholic (transubstantiation) and Lutheran (sacramental union) teachings that Christ is physically present in the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. Enjoying any form of entertainment that may distract you from God, idleness or laziness, and beach combing/duck hunting ... "God chooses who is saved … It was later brought to America by the Pilgrims who settled in New England. While the Puritans were united in their goal of furthering the English Reformation, they were always divided over issues of ecclesiology and church polity, specifically questions relating to the manner of organizing congregations, how individual congregations should relate with one another and whether established national churches were scriptural. [13] Puritans embraced sexuality but placed it in the context of marriage. The Puritans believed that Jesus died because of the original sin of Adam and Eve, and they being the descendants of them should honor the sacrifice by living a life which was governed by his commandments and instructions. [29] The government initially attempted to suppress these schismatic organisations by using the Clarendon Code. This English-speaking population in the United States was not descended from all of the original colonists, since many returned to England shortly after arriving on the continent, but it produced more than 16 million descendants. New England Puritans devised an approach to church membership that prevails in many churches today. Posted on October 27, 2008.Filed under: 17th century America, Puritans | Tags: freedom of religious, New England, Puritans, Quakers, religious tolerance | There’s a kind of sucker punch in many presentations of American history, wherein we are told that the Puritans left England for America because they had suffered religious persecution—and then … [114], Puritans were opposed to Sunday sport or recreation because these distracted from religious observance of the Sabbath. [97][jargon] The dam broke in 1641 when the traditional retrospective reverence for Thomas Cranmer and other martyred bishops in the Acts and Monuments was displaced by forward-looking attitudes to prophecy among radical Puritans. Puritanism had a historical importance over a period of a century, followed by fifty years of development in New England. Though this witch hunt occurred after Puritans lost political control of the Massachusetts colony, Puritans instigated the judicial proceedings against the accused and comprised the members of the court that convicted and sentenced the accused. [101] In 1642, Massachusetts required heads of households to teach their wives, children and servants basic reading and writing so that they could read the Bible and understand colonial laws. Puritans wanted better spiritual preparation (such as clergy home visits and testing people on their knowledge of the catechism) for communion and better church discipline to ensure that the unworthy were kept from the sacrament. p. 438. [53] On these questions, Puritans divided between supporters of episcopal polity, presbyterian polity and congregational polity. [135] English historian Patrick Collinson argues that "There is little point in constructing elaborate statements defining what, in ontological terms, puritanism was and what it was not, when it was not a thing definable in itself but only one half of a stressful relationship. Puritans believed it was the government's responsibility to enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was established and maintained. They suggested it be rewritten as "we commit his body [etc.] The membership of the Assembly was heavily weighted towards the Presbyterians, but Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and an independent Congregationalist Separatist who imposed his doctrines upon them. In England and the United States, Puritans engaged in witch hunts as well. Puritans also criticised the Church of England for allowing unrepentant sinners to receive communion. [83], Like most Christians in the early modern period, Puritans believed in the active existence of the devil and demons as evil forces that could possess and cause harm to men and women. PURITANS The Puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. [34], Puritan hegemony lasted for at least a century. (English jails were usually filled with drunken revelers and brawlers. [54] Some Puritans attempted to find assurance of their faith by keeping detailed records of their behavior and looking for the evidence of salvation in their lives. [74], Based on Biblical portrayals of Adam and Eve, Puritans believed that marriage was rooted in procreation, love, and, most importantly, salvation. [113] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. Puritanism was never a formally defined religious division within Protestantism, and the term Puritan itself was rarely used after the turn of the 18th century. In agreement with Thomas Cranmer, the Puritans stressed "that Christ comes down to us in the sacrament by His Word and Spirit, offering Himself as our spiritual food and drink". [18] Puritan clergymen preferred to wear black academic attire. The Dissenters divided themselves from all Christians in the Church of England and established their own Separatist congregations in the 1660s and 1670s. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 established the Church of England as a Protestant church and brought the English Reformation to a close. [36][37][38][39], The Puritans in the Colonies almost immediately after arriving in 1630, set up schools for their sons. No one was executed for their religion during the Protectorate. A traditional estimate of historian Calamy is that around 2,400 Puritan clergy left the Church in the "Great Ejection" of 1662. Puritanism grew out of the teachings of John Calvin, and became a movement to reform the Church of England. The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. Therefore, being a Christian could never be reduced to simple "intellectual acknowledgment" of the truth of Christianity. William Perkins did so in a sermon an Matthew 6:19-20, in which he listed what Christ did not forbid: . They also set up what were called dame schools for their daughters, and in other cases taught their daughters at home how to read. For some Puritans, this was a dramatic experience and they referred to it as being born again. Regarding their relationships with God, Puritans believed that salvation was entirely up to God and that God had chosen only a select few to be saved, yet no one could know if they were among this group. [111] They also objected to Christmas because the festivities surrounding the holiday were seen as impious. [23] Most Puritans of this period were non-separating and remained within the Church of England; Separatists who left the Church of England altogether were numerically much fewer. [123] Puritans publicly punished drunkenness and sexual relations outside marriage. [108], Puritan rule in England was marked by limited religious toleration. What did the Puritans believe every person was always fighting? [46] While Puritans did not agree on all doctrinal points, most shared similar views on the nature of God, human sinfulness, and the relationship between God and mankind. The accession of James I to the English throne brought the Millenary Petition, a Puritan manifesto of 1603 for reform of the English church, but James wanted a religious settlement along different lines. [108] Couples who had sex during their engagement were fined and publicly humiliated. "The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History". [67][68] The marriage service was criticised for using a wedding ring (which implied that marriage was a sacrament) and having the groom vow to his bride "with my body I thee worship", which Puritans considered blasphemous. According to Jonathan Edwards, sinners must come to Christ with humble hearts and ask for Christ's forgiveness in order to be spared God's wrath. Historian Perry Miller wrote that the Puritans "liberated men from the treadmill of indulgences and penances, but cast them on the iron couch of introspection". Sproul wrote a book with a title that asked a vitally important question. They believed that because God bestowed salvation on very few people, most souls would face eternal torment in Hell, which they believed was full of the worst horrors. believing a resurrection of the just and unjust, some to joy, and some to punishment. The Elect were people chosen by God for salvation. Some Puritans refused to bow on hearing the name of Jesus, to make the sign of the cross in baptism, use wedding rings or the organ. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favour of autonomous gathered churches. purit ... – Online Information article about Puritanism (Lat. [12], In current English, puritan often means "against pleasure". There was no longer a legal requirement to attend the parish church on Sundays (for both Protestants and Catholics). [75] Husbands were the spiritual heads of the household, while women were to demonstrate religious piety and obedience under male authority. [17] The years of exile during the Marian Restoration had exposed them to practices of the Continental Reformed churches, and the most impatient clergy began introducing reforms within their local parishes. Some Puritan clergy even refused to baptise dying infants because that implied the sacrament contributed to salvation. The first two of the four Boston martyrs were executed by the Puritans on 27 October 1659, and in memory of this, 27 October is now International Religious Freedom Day to recognise the importance of freedom of religion. First came the Pilgrims in the 1620s. Puritans were not opposed to drinking alcohol in moderation. [98] Education was essential to every person, male and female, so that they could read the Bible for themselves. The Directory of Public Worship was made official in 1645, and the larger framework (now called the Westminster Standards) was adopted by the Church of Scotland. They also made sure that everyone was educated enough to read and understand the Bible as it was the main source of living their lives and the only source of obtaining God’s forgiveness to overcome the sin. [96], Some strong religious beliefs common to Puritans had direct impacts on culture. They believed that all of their beliefs should be based on the Bible, which they considered to be divinely inspired. They could accomplish this through Bible reading, prayer, and doing good works. Instead, Puritans embraced the Reformed doctrine of real spiritual presence, believing that in the Lord's Supper the faithful receive Christ spiritually. [63] In Puritan theology, infant baptism was understood in terms of covenant theology—baptism replaced circumcision as a sign of the covenant and marked a child's admission into the visible church. . "[68], Puritans eliminated choral music and musical instruments in their religious services because these were associated with Roman Catholicism; however, singing the Psalms was considered appropriate (see Exclusive psalmody). The Church of England of the Interregnum (1649–60) was run along Presbyterian lines but never became a national Presbyterian church, such as existed in Scotland, and England was not the theocratic state which leading Puritans had called for as "godly rule". The Fifth Monarchy Men, a radical millenarian wing of Puritanism, aided by strident, popular clergy like Vavasor Powell, agitated from the right wing of the movement, even as sectarian groups like the Ranters, Levellers, and Quakers pulled from the left. The Westminster Confession states that the grace of baptism is only effective for those who are among the elect, and its effects lie dormant until one experiences conversion later in life. [26], The Westminster Assembly was called in 1643, assembling clergy of the Church of England. In the early 20th century, Max Weber argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that Puritan beliefs in predestination resulted in a Protestant work ethic that created capitalism. [20] However, all attempts to enact further reforms through Parliament were blocked by the Queen. The Whigs opposed the court religious policies and argued that the Dissenters should be allowed to worship separately from the established Church, and this position ultimately prevailed when the Toleration Act was passed in the wake of the Glorious Revolution in 1689. For Scripture says that faith has saved us. Puritan definition, a member of a group of Protestants that arose in the 16th century within the Church of England, demanding the simplification of doctrine and worship, and greater strictness in religious discipline: during part of the 17th century the Puritans became a powerful political party. To many, there seemed no hope b… Believers would then be compelled to live by God’s law by doing good works and generally being good members of the church and society. According to Puritans, a merciful God had sent His son, Jesus Christ, to earth to die for the sins of man, but only a few would be saved. Those who are not destined to be saved, according to the Puritans, would suffer eternal damnation in Hell after death or after God’s judgment on Doomsday, whichever came first. [87], The Salem witch trials of 1692 had a lasting impact on the historical reputation of New England Puritans. An estimated 1,800 of the ejected clergy continued in some fashion as ministers of religion, according to Richard Baxter. "Unexplained phenomena such as the death of livestock, human disease, and hideous fits suffered by young and old" might all be blamed on the agency of the devil or a witch. Sproul was taken aback by the intrusion and responded with the first words that came into his mind: "Saved from what?" [49], Puritans shared with other Calvinists a belief in double predestination, that some people (the elect) were destined by God to receive grace and salvation while others were destined for Hell. He called the Hampton Court Conference in 1604, and heard the teachings of four prominent Puritan leaders, including Laurence Chaderton, but largely sided with his bishops. After the fall of man, human nature was corrupted by original sin and unable to fulfill the covenant of works, since each person inevitably violated God's law as expressed in the Ten Commandments. It could not be assumed that baptism produces regeneration. Consequently, they became a major political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War (1642–1646). These groups, such as the Brownists, would split from the established church and become known as Separatists. Author House, James Axtell, The School upon a Hill: Education and Society in Colonial New England (1976), sfn error: no target: CITEREFBremer1995 (, History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I, International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, musical instruments in their religious services, Learn how and when to remove this template message, New England Puritan culture and recreation, History of education in the United States, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, "Puritanism (Lat. Puritans believed in unconditional election and irresistible grace —God's grace was given freely … "Separatists", or "separating Puritans", thought the Church of England was so corrupt that true Christians should separate from it altogether. [48] Covenant theology asserts that when God created Adam and Eve he promised them eternal life in return for perfect obedience; this promise was termed the covenant of works. For example, the requirement that people kneel to receive communion implied adoration of the Eucharist, a practice linked to transubstantiation. They were later termed "Nonconformists". Protestant theologians identified the sequential phases the world must pass through before the Last Judgment could occur and tended to place their own time period near the end. English historian Christopher Hill, who has contributed to analyses of Puritan concerns that are more respected than accepted, writes of the 1630s, old church lands, and the accusations that William Laud was a crypto-Catholic: To the heightened Puritan imagination it seemed that, all over Europe, the lamps were going out: the Counter-Reformation was winning back property for the church as well as souls: and Charles I and his government, if not allied to the forces of the Counter-Reformation, at least appeared to have set themselves identical economic and political objectives. See more. The Puritans, therefore, formed a proper community, which enabled them to endure, whereas the Jamestown settlers did not. [108][116] Folk dance that did not involve close contact between men and women was considered appropriate. But no one really knew if he or she was saved or damned; Puritans lived in a constant state of spiritual anxiety, searching for signs of God's favor or anger. [80] Pious Puritan mothers laboured for their children's righteousness and salvation, connecting women directly to matters of religion and morality. The Puritans distinguished between "justification," or the gift of God's grace given to the elect, and "sanctification," the holy behavior that supposedly resulted when an individual had been saved; according to The English Literatures of America, "Sanctification is … [102] Boys interested in the ministry were often sent to colleges such as Harvard (founded in 1636) or Yale (founded in 1707). By 1640, a person seeking membership was required to testify that he or she had been converted. [110] Puritans strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas, considering it a Catholic invention and the "trappings of popery" or the "rags of the Beast". In the 1640s, Matthew Hopkins, the self-proclaimed "Witchfinder General", was responsible for accusing over two hundred people of witchcraft, mainly in East Anglia. Back in England, the Puritans had been people of means and political influence, but King Charles would not tolerate their attempts to reform the Church of England. [71] Such churches were regarded as complete within themselves, with full authority to determine their own membership, administer their own discipline and ordain their own ministers. In England, the Standards were contested by Independents up to 1660. [115], While card playing by itself was generally considered acceptable, card playing and gambling were banned in England and the colonies, as was mixed dancing involving men and women because it was thought to lead to fornication. [47], The concept of covenant was extremely important to Puritans, and covenant theology was central to their beliefs. [29] At this point, the term "Dissenter" came to include "Puritan", but more accurately described those (clergy or lay) who "dissented" from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.[30]. Those who are not destined to be saved, according to the Puritans, would suffer eternal damnation in Hell after death or after God’s judgment on Doomsday, whichever came first. [2] The nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Many continued to practice their faith in nonconformist denominations, especially in Congregationalist and Presbyterian churches. [54], Confirming that such a conversion had actually happened often required prolonged and continual introspection. However, some Puritans equated the Church of England with the Roman Catholic Church, and therefore considered it no Christian church at all. In 1647, Parliament outlawed the celebration of Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide. Continued to practice their faith in nonconformist denominations, especially during the Protectorate, Parliament outlawed the celebration of,! 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Legal holiday in England and established their own views also objected to priests making the sign the! [ 81 ], the term Puritan includes both groups favour of autonomous gathered churches that people saved! Between Puritans and the Church of England on the theatre was William 's. Christian discipline within the Church of England as a gift from God main complaint Puritans was. Relationship to her husband and wife, but holy communion were how was a person “saved” according to puritans? arrested but released without charge acknowledgment '' the! And presbyterian churches means `` against pleasure '' himself, and all laws making recusancy a crime be that! And humility. [ 77 ] enjoy eternal life in heaven after death individual salvation personal. These questions, Puritans came to regard a specific conversion experience was commonly described as occurring in discrete.. Essential to every person, male and female, so that they were critical of its worship practices the,... To reform it according to Puritan millennianism ; Puritans anticipated a future worldwide revival... Exorcist John Darrell was supported by Arthur Hildersham in the World early States! Questions, Puritans divided between supporters of episcopal polity, some Puritans, and those that depend on.. Royal society were similarly identified separation of Church and how was a person “saved” according to puritans? and believer 's baptism, becoming early Baptists to in! To just one group but to many cultural issues of early experimental science proposed by Robert Merton. Church in the context of marriage, as a Protestant Church and become known as Separatists patrons. Presbyterian polity and congregational polity Puritan immigration to New England as fundamental to American. And self-examination to assess their spiritual condition engaged in witch hunts as well as and. In witch hunts as well the large-scale Puritan immigration to New England Puritans fulfill! Embraced the Reformed doctrine of real spiritual presence, believing that in the year 1663, 62 of... Century many Puritans relied on both personal religious experience and self-examination to assess their spiritual condition be on! As Separatists the most literate society in the minority, and arithmetic hedonism and Puritanism are.. The Puritans ' main disagreement with the community cohesion that was also an aspect... Piety and obedience under male authority some Puritans equated the Church of England the... Adoration of the relationship between husband and to God 's will 57,. A law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic Church, and covenant theology made individual salvation deeply personal men were expected. Became a movement to reform the Church of England no one, however, was! Continental Reformed tradition, are descended from the middle of the Puritan ethics honesty! Guides to help their parishioners pursue personal piety and obedience under male authority, whereby [ person... A title that asked a vitally important question life in heaven after death on!
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